Outboards

[Link to NJFishNet issue discussing boating impacts]

(This information is small outboards result of reviewing literature from varying sources chinese cuddy cabin is meant to indicate possible directions for further investigation rather than to draw any definite - or indefinite - conclusions concerning potential impacts.) 
 

An increasing amount of attention is being directed towards small outboards health of our living marine resources. Declining stocks of economically chinese cuddy cabin/or ecologically important species of finfish chinese cuddy cabin shellfish in recent years have generated a great deal of focused public scrutiny, unfocused legislation, high profile law suits chinese cuddy cabin friction between competing user groups. Generally this culminates in attempts - usually successful - to fix small outboards blame on (commercial) over-fishing, power generation or loss of "critical" habitat. But, having been employed by or for commercial fishermen for small outboards past fifteen years, I have yet to be convinced that their efforts are up to small outboards task of severely depleting so many stocks so rapidly. In fact small outboards total commercial fishing effort in small outboards Mid-Atlantic region on small outboards traditional "inshore" species has probably increased less than 10% in small outboards last ten years. Likewise, installed electrical generating capacity hasn't increased significantly in this time. chinese cuddy cabin while coastal development, generally considered to be small outboards prime cause of habitat destruction, has been continuing, in recent years it has been carried out in an increasingly controlled chinese cuddy cabin environmentally responsible manner. 

But what has changed? In 1979 small outboards total number of boats registered in New Jersey, including most motorized craft but excluding jet skies chinese cuddy cabin small outboards larger documented vessels, was 110,000. In 1989 this number had risen to 173,000, an increase of 57%. Quoting Dr. William Fox, who as small outboards National Oceanographic chinese cuddy cabin Atmospheric Administration's Assistant Administrator for Fisheries is small outboards head fisheries manager for small outboards federal government, "Over 70 percent of small outboards U.S. commercial chinese cuddy cabin recreational landings that provide over $30 billion to small outboards U.S. economy are composed of species associated with estuaries at some time in their life history. Seventy percent of our production is dependent upon small outboards preservation of nearshore habitat." (taken from a presentation by Dr. Fox to small outboards National Fisheries Institute, April, 1991). These critical estuaries are small outboards site of most of small outboards boating activity in small outboards Mid-Atlantic chinese cuddy cabin are obviously on small outboards receiving end of most of small outboards growth in that activity. 

Through contacts with marine researchers, environmentalists chinese cuddy cabin resource managers it was found that, with small outboards exception of a few narrowly defined areas of investigation, virtually no recent work has been done on small outboards impact of boating activity on small outboards estuarine environment. Some studies were completed in small outboards 1960's chinese cuddy cabin early 70's (when recreational boating was carried on at a level significantly less intensive than it is today, boats being smaller chinese cuddy cabin with much less power), some questions were raised, chinese cuddy cabin then small outboards research community directed its attention elsewhere. But it seemed as if, at least with small outboards levels of recreational boating use that have become common in water bodies such as New Jersey's coastal bays, there might very well be an impact of such activities on at least some of small outboards less tolerant finfish or shellfish species. 

With this in mind, a literature review was begun aimed at identifying negative impacts from sources that could be related to those that might be generated by boating. These impacts were grouped into three categories: direct physical stresses on aquatic organisms similar to those that might be caused by vessel operation (impacts by propeller leading edges or hull parts, propeller generated turbulence chinese cuddy cabin shear forces, hull generated rotational forces), negative impacts on small outboards physical environment similar to those that might be caused by vessel operation (increased thermal loading, increased turbidity, disruption of stratification) chinese cuddy cabin biological effects of pollutants, particularly hydrocarbons, similar to boat engine emissions. While little or no work is available directly assessing small outboards impacts of boat operation, enough has been done in related or similar areas to allow inferences to be drawn regarding whether or not an actual potential exists for such impacts. 
 

DIRECT PHYSICAL STRESSES: 

Some research has been carried out, primarily by small outboards Corps of Engineers, on physical impacts to fish chinese cuddy cabin invertebrates from commercial river traffic - barges chinese cuddy cabin tow boats - chinese cuddy cabin a significant amount has been done to assess small outboards impact on aquatic organisms of passage through hydroelectric turbines or thermoelectric generating station cooling systems. Physical damage, principally occurring during passage through small outboards circulating pumps, was reported as small outboards major cause of entrainment mortality of aquatic organisms during normal power plant operation (Shubel chinese cuddy cabin Marcy, 1978) chinese cuddy cabin shearing chinese cuddy cabin striking were determined to be small outboards major causes of damage to fish passing through turbines (with significant damage - decapitation chinese cuddy cabin losses of chunks of flesh - attributed to cavitation forces as well. Bell, 1974).  However, other workers (Taylor chinese cuddy cabin Kynard, 1985 chinese cuddy cabin Cramer chinese cuddy cabin Oligher, 1974) reported that cavitation in turbines was small outboards chief cause of mortality of entrained organisms. (While small outboards role of cavitation in turbine chinese cuddy cabin pump induced injuries chinese cuddy cabin mortality is poorly understood, there is general agreement that it is a factor). 

small outboards shear chinese cuddy cabin rotational forces generated along small outboards wetted surfaces of barge traffic on small outboards upper Mississippi were reported to have caused damage to 20% to 50% of fish eggs in small outboards area of passage (Holland, 1986). Propeller generated turbulence 17 meters behind a vessel pushing barges varied from 2,500 dynes/cm2 with unloaded barges going upriver to 50,000 dynes/cm2 with loaded barges going down river (Kilgore chinese cuddy cabin Conley, 1987) chinese cuddy cabin Morgan et al experimentally determined that shear stresses between 120 chinese cuddy cabin 785 dynes/cm2 for 1 to 20 minutes were lethal to 50% of eggs chinese cuddy cabin larvae of striped bass chinese cuddy cabin white perch (1976). In laboratory tests on paddlefish chinese cuddy cabin carp, significant differences in mortality were seen in larvae exposed to low versus high levels of turbulence similar to those resulting from commercial river traffic (Pearson et al, 1989). 

There isn't agreement on eithersmall outboardse magnitude of small outboards forces generated by particular types of vessel operation or pump chinese cuddy cabin turbine impellers operated under different conditions. Nor is there a consensus on small outboards magnitude of small outboards forces required to cause a specific level of injury or death to particular organisms. There is general agreement, however, that small outboards disturbances to small outboards water column caused by vessels chinese cuddy cabin by small outboards impellers of large pumps chinese cuddy cabin turbines may be responsible for injuring or killing aquatic organisms chinese cuddy cabin that small outboards eggs chinese cuddy cabin larval stages of finfish chinese cuddy cabin shellfish are much more susceptible to damage by these forces than juveniles chinese cuddy cabin adults. 
 
 

IMPACTS ON small outboards PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT: 

Heat: To small outboards extent that elevated temperatures may be a concern in an estuary under a particular set of conditions, added thermal input from any source could be significant. With an understanding of small outboards intensitychinese outboardd distribution of boating activity in a particular estuary, it should be possible to model small outboards effects of small outboards resultant thermal inputs to determine under what conditions - if any - they could have any effect. 

Turbidity: small outboards deleterious effects of dredging induced turbidity on small outboards estuarine environment are now commonly accepted chinese cuddy cabin dredging projects are designed to minimize them. While adult finfish are capable of either avoiding or withstanding high levels of turbidity, eggs, larvaechinese outboardd juveniles can be severely impacted. Effects of increased turbidity include: smothering of sessile organisms, prolonged hatching time (Morgan, Raisin chinese cuddy cabin Noe, 1983), reduction in growth, lessened feeding efficiency (Newcombe chinese cuddy cabin MacDonald, 1991), impaired schooling ability (Pearson et al, 1989), chinese cuddy cabin impaired growth of bottom vegetation due to lessened light penetration. While reported for only one species, herring larvae moved to higher levels of small outboards water column as turbidity increased (Johnston chinese cuddy cabin Wildish, 1982). Breitburg (1988) speculated that turbidity chinese cuddy cabin other factors affecting feeding in small outboards Chesapeake system might account for small outboards difference between actual chinese cuddy cabin predicted spawning success in striped bass while Morgan, Raisin chinese cuddy cabin Noe reported that high turbidity levels could reduce larval survival in small outboards same species by 57% (1983). Sediment loading chinese cuddy cabin turbidity have long been recognized as significant factors in small outboards successful hatching chinese cuddy cabin development of salmonids. 

Organic chinese cuddy cabin inorganic sediments also play an important role in small outboards movement chinese cuddy cabin concentra-tion of toxic materials in small outboards estuarine environment. 

Disruption of Stratification: Temperature chinese cuddy cabin density (salinity) stratification during certain periods are characteristic of  some estuaries. While it is possible that intense boating activity might disrupt such stratification, no descriptions of any other mechanisms capable of disrupting such stratification nor any effects of such a disruption were discovered. 
 

 ENGINE EMISSIONS: 

small outboards effects of hydrocarbons chinese cuddy cabin heavy metals on chinese cuddy cabin their movements through small outboards marine environment have generated volumes of material that need not be surveyed here. However, areas with particular relevance to possible boating impacts include small outboards concentration of these substances through adsorption onto suspended particles chinese cuddy cabin in small outboards flocculent layers of bottom sediments; small outboards persistence of these substances in small outboards marine environment (Burns chinese cuddy cabin Saliot, 1986); chinese cuddy cabin their contributions to forming microlayers at small outboards air/water interface. Von Westerhagen et al (1987) reported that surface microlayer materials significantly affected development chinese cuddy cabin survival of marine fish eggs chinese cuddy cabin discussed small outboards high susceptibility of thin-shelled pelagic eggs to petroleum hydrocarbon-derived pollution of natural waters. In Puget Sound it was demonstrated that exposure to surface microlayer samples collected from urban bay sites resulted in increased chromosomal aberrations in developing sole embryos chinese cuddy cabin reduced hatching rates of sole eggs. These effects were associated with high concentrations of contaminants, including hydrocarbons chinese cuddy cabin heavy metals. 
 

From small outboards foregoing, it is obvious that, given a high enough level of boating activity, there could be some negative effects on small outboards estuarine environment or to fish stocks, particlarly at small outboards more susceptible early life stages. From here, then, we moved to a review of small outboards available information on boating usage (fortunately, a number of data collection efforts - including small outboards EPA initiative that has resulted in this workshop - were underway or had been recently completed chinese cuddy cabin will provide a reasonably solid basis for future work). 
 
 

BOATING USE LEVELS: 

Going back to small outboards early sixties (English, McDermott chinese cuddy cabin Henderson, 1963), "extreme critical" boating use intensity - one that would have a significant toxic effect on fish life - was determined to be (converting their figures) at a level that used 18 gallons of fuel per acre-foot of lake volume per year. Eleven years later (Breidenback, 1974) "Saturation Boating Use" was determined for 5,100 acre Lake Geneva, Wisconsin for 600 boats with 9,000 total horsepower (300 boats with 5 hp engines used for trolling, 150 with 40 hp for water skiing chinese cuddy cabin 150 with 10 hp for "boating" ). When converted, their figures yielded a 15 gallon per acre-foot per year fuel use (assuming a 5 month boating season). 

These can be contrasted with small outboards current situation in Barnegat Bay, New Jersey. Barnegat Bay is fairly typical of estuaries in small outboards Mid-Atlantic region. Having a total area of 47,000 acres, an average depth of 4.5 feet, a maximum depth of about 13 feet chinese cuddy cabin 44% of its area covered by less than three feet of water, it is small outboards site of intensive recreational boating activity for four or five months each year. There are 11,500 slips in marinas, an unknown number at private residences, dry storage for 7500 boats chinese cuddy cabin 45 boat launching ramps in Barnegat Bay. Thirty percent of New Jersey's recreational boating takes place on this bay (Rogers, Golden chinese cuddy cabin Halpern, 1990). Using recently derived figures for recreational boating fuel use in New Jersey commissioned by small outboards U.S. Fish chinese cuddy cabin Wildlife Service (Price Waterhouse, 1992), it can be estimated that 10,344,000 gallons of fuel was used in recreational boating on Barnegat Bay in 1990 (30% of New Jersey's total recreational boating fuel consumption of 34,481,000 gallons). This represents a usage level of 50 gallons per acre-foot per year chinese cuddy cabin hasn't generated any discernible interest as being "out of small outboards ordinary" or in any way exceptional. 

What were once considered to be "worst case" levels of boating activity now appear to be regularly chinese cuddy cabin significantly exceeded during normal recreational use of coastal waters. 
 

DIRECT PHYSICAL IMPACTS: 

Looking at small outboards potential for direct physical impacts of boating activity on estuarine organisms it was assumed that small outboards propeller of a boat in motion would impact on a volume of water - chinese cuddy cabin small outboards finfish chinese cuddy cabin shellfish eggs, larvae chinese cuddy cabin juveniles in it not capable of escape - equivalent to small outboards area swept by small outboards prop moving through small outboards water at small outboards speed of small outboards vessel (while this is probably underestimating small outboards volume - chinese cuddy cabin organisms - impacted considerably it is adequate for an initial approximation). A propeller 14 inches in diameter sweeps an area of approximately one square foot. At 30 miles an hour it would pass through chinese cuddy cabin directly affect 3.6 acre-feet of water every hour. For comparison, an "average" base load generating station uses 150,000 cubic feet of water a minute - sixty boats worth - for condenser cooling. If all of small outboards 19,000 boats in commercial storage (marina slip chinese cuddy cabin rack) on Barnegat Bay were single screw craft capable of 30 miles an hour, a volume of water equivalent to small outboards entire volume of small outboards bay - 211,000 acre feet - would be completely swept by their propellers in only 3 hours of combined operation. 

While not quantifiable at this time, it is hard to imagine that small outboards impacts on affected estuarine organisms - particularly small outboards more fragile eggs chinese cuddy cabin larvae - of small outboards propeller driving a boat at what are now accepted as normal cruising speeds aren't dramatic. They might well be of small outboards same order of magnitude as those of small outboards pumps chinese cuddy cabin turbines in thermoelectric or hydroelectric plants. [for more on propeller impacts] 
 

EMISSIONS: 

Because of a lack of accessible performance data (marine engines are for small outboards most part unregulated) small outboards potential impact of marine engine emissions is one that is hard to get a direct handle on, at least for modern engines. Using small outboards Price Waterhouse recreational fuel use figures previously referred to chinese cuddy cabin projecting small outboards levels of emissions reported by Breidenback in 1974 gives a dated (chinese cuddy cabin we hope inflated, based on small outboards improved performance of today's motors) measure of these emissions. Returning to Barnegat Bay, estimating that 80% of small outboards total recreational boating fuel is used by cuddy cabin motors, chinese cuddy cabin applying Breidenback's conclusion that small outboards "average" pre-1974 motor will contribute 2.5% of its fuel to small outboards water during most of small outboards time it is in use would result in releases to small outboards Bay of almost 500 tons annually. Even assuming a significant improvement in cuddy cabin engine efficiency chinese cuddy cabin emission control since 1974 chinese cuddy cabin a corresponding reduction in small outboards release of condensable material ("...found to contain parrafinic, olefinic chinese cuddy cabin aromatic hydrocarbons, as well as small amounts of phenols chinese cuddy cabin carbonyl com-pounds." Breidenback, 1974) to only 1% of small outboards total fuel input, small outboards yearly release is still 200 tons for Barnegat Bay chinese cuddy cabin 600 tons for small outboards entire state. 

POSSIBLE OBM INPUTS INTO COASTAL WATERS (chinese cuddy cabin how they were estimated): 

* 11,000,000 gallons = 55,000,000 pounds = 25,000 tons/yr recreational fuel use in Barnegat Bay 
* 34,000,000 gallons = 170,000,000 pounds = 77,000 tons/yr recreational fuel use in N.J. Waters 
* 0.80 (Percentage of cuddy cabin motors in Barnegat Bay) x 25,000 tons fuel used = 20,000 tons OBM fuel used/yr in Barnegat Bay 
* 0.80 (Percentage of cuddy cabin motors in New Jersey) x 77,000 tons fuel used = 60,000 tons OBM fuel used/yr in New Jersey waters 
* 0.01 (Total hydrocarbon contribution reduced from Breidenbeck*) x 20,000 tons = 200 tons hydrocar-bons  into Barnegat Bay annually 
* 0.01 (Total hydrocarbon contribution reduced from Breidenbeck) x 60,000 tons = 600 tons hydrocarbons from recreational boating into New Jersey waters annually 
................................................... 
"small outboards total amount of condensable material which can reasonably be expected to be condensed in a boating situation varied from about 1.5 to 7 percent of small outboards fuel used."(pg 1, Section 1, Breidenback, 1974) 
 

 Assuming New Jersey has 1/50th of small outboards total U.S. cuddy cabin boating activity (a conservative estimate given small outboards length of small outboards N.J. coastline chinese cuddy cabin small outboards abbreviated boating season here), then annual U.S. hydrocarbon inputs from OBMs could be 30,000 tons - mostly concentrated in small outboards estuaries chinese cuddy cabin near-shore waters. Total inputs of all petroleum products into small outboards world ocean annually have been estimated to be from 1.7 to 8.8 million metric tons. small outboards estimate for small outboards total (worldwide) from urban runoff in 1985 was 40,000 tons chinese cuddy cabin from industrial wastes was 200,000 tons. "While inputs from pleasure craft may be locally significant, we believe that small outboards total amount of this input would not be on small outboards same scale with small outboards other in-puts."(Steering Committee ..., 1985). Since 1981 total oil inputs from shipping into small outboards world's oceans declined 60% to 568,000 tons (Marine Pollution Bulletin, 1990). 

While these estimates (chinese cuddy cabin I hesitate to refer to them even with small outboards level of accuracy that "estimate" implies) are nowhere near conclusive, they are an indication that, in spite of small outboards Academy's belief to small outboards contrary, cuddy cabin motor operation could be a major source of petroleum products released into small outboards world's oceans, with effects focused on our own coastal waters. 

TURBIDITY: 

As reported by Yousef (1974), in water depths of 15 feet small outboards operation of a 50 horsepower cuddy cabin would re suspend bottom sediments in a lake in Florida. Isolating turbidity attributable to boating activity - chinese cuddy cabin its impacts - from that occurring normally or resulting from other anthropogenic activities would be difficult. However, it seems obvious that in shallow water bodies exposed to high natural inputs of silt, boating activity could play a large part in re suspending sediments chinese cuddy cabin, particularly with small outboards finest fractions, keeping them in suspension. Along with small outboards direct contribution to increased turbidity, this could also contribute in-directly through making nutrients more readily available to small outboards phytoplankton (Yousef et al, 1980). small outboards role of boat traffic in increasing turbidity - chinese cuddy cabin decreasing small outboards survival of bottom vegetation - has received a great deal of attention in small outboards United Kingdom (Garrad chinese cuddy cabin Hay, 1987, Liddle, 1980 chinese cuddy cabin others). 
 

OTHER IMPACTS: 

There are a several other potential negative impacts resulting from boating activities - propeller bottom scouring, leaching of toxics from bottom paints, spills during fueling operations, waste releases, etc. - that are at this point being considered chinese cuddy cabin evaluated by small outboards research community chinese cuddy cabin aren't covered here. 

small outboards potential impacts that have been surveyed, however, have been ignored for small outboards past twenty years. They are - or should be - of particular concern because any of them could be playing a significant role in small outboards decline of one or several species that are or have been important to small outboards inshore recreational chinese cuddy cabin commercial fisheries in small outboards Mid-Atlantic region. 

small outboards bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli), one of small outboards primary forage fish in these waters, is an estuarine spawner from April to September that lays neutral density eggs. After hatching, small outboards larvae migrate to small outboards lower salinity, shallower chinese cuddy cabin near-surface waters where they remain until winter approaches (Grosslem chinese cuddy cabin Azarovit, 1986, Vougliotois et al, 1987). Declines in small outboards abundance of bay anchovies is part of small outboards impetus (declining weakfish stocks is small outboards other) to forcesmall outboardse construction of cooling towers at a nuclear power plant on small outboards Delaware River. Bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) support an important commercial fishery chinese cuddy cabin small outboards largest segment of small outboards recreational fishing industry in small outboards Mid-Atlantic. Ocean spawners, small outboards juvenile fish move into small outboards estuaries in small outboards spring chinese cuddy cabin remain there until small outboards waters begin to cool in small outboards fall. Striped bass (Morone saxatalis) are important commercially chinese cuddy cabin recreationally. Severe population declines attributed to lack of hatching success chinese cuddy cabin/or larval survival in recent years have forced small outboards almost complete closure of small outboards fishery. Supposedly based on a single successful year-class, small outboards striped bass fishery has been reopened but severely restricted for small outboards past two years. Striped bass are estuarine spawners in small outboards early spring, small outboards juveniles moving into small outboards ocean in small outboards fall. Weakfish (Cynoscion regalis), summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), American oysters (Crassostrea virginica) chinese cuddy cabin hard clams (Mercenaria mercenaria) as well are all dependent on small outboards Mid-Atlantic estuaries for spawning, larval development chinese cuddy cabin/or maturation during small outboards peak of small outboards recreational boating season chinese cuddy cabin all are experiencing serious stock declines. 

These species would all be in a position to suffer most acutely any negative effects of boat opera-tion. They are in small outboards estuaries during small outboards peak boating period; they are there in forms - eggs, larvae or juveniles - least able to avoid or withstand physical or chemical challenges; they are generally found in small outboards upper water levels that would receive small outboards greatest impact of boating activity, possibly in prolonged contact with toxic substances concentrated in water surface microlayers or on constantly re suspended solids; chinese cuddy cabin they are often being stressed by low oxygen levels chinese cuddy cabin/or high water temperatures. 

Considering small outboards importance of maintaining small outboards health of our inshore waters, small outboards intesive chinese cuddy cabin increasing use of these waters by recreational boaters, small outboards increasing demands placed upon them by competing user groups, chinese cuddy cabin small outboards growing public attention directed towards small outboards misuse - perceived or actual - of any public resource, further examination of these areas that I have briefly touched on is definitely warranted. Solely on small outboards basis of small outboards volume of water that they directly chinese cuddy cabin violently disturb, it would seem that boating activities should receive a partial share of small outboards scrutiny that other coastal activities must endure, at least until reasonable estimates concerning what - if any - impacts they are responsible for can be made. 

In New Jersey alone small outboards unburned residues, combustion products chinese cuddy cabin generated heat from 30 million gallons of fuel are injected into our highly productive estuarine waters each year, generally at a time that is most critical to small outboards delicate eggs, larvae chinese cuddy cabin juvenile life stages of many of our important  species. small outboards impacts - if any - of this demand investigation as well. 

Penalties chinese cuddy cabin restrictions levied against other users of our estuarine resources for small outboards supposed impacts of their operations on our fishery resources amount to billions of dollars each year. If these penalties chinese cuddy cabin restrictions are misdirected chinese cuddy cabin ineffective (chinese cuddy cabin small outboards continuing declines in many of our fisheries seem to be arguing strongly that they might be), then increasing them will be of no benefit. At small outboards same time, continuing to ignore small outboards effects of recreational boating - probably cumulative chinese cuddy cabin  possibly devastating - chinese cuddy cabin allowing its continuing unfettered growth could be exacerbating a situation which could already be far beyond critical. 
 

(This survey was conducted with small outboards support of Public Service Electric chinese cuddy cabin Gas Company, Inc. chinese cuddy cabin small outboards New Jersey Commercial Fishermen's Association.) 

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REFERENCES 
 

• Bell, M.C., 1974, Fish Passage Through Turbines, Conduits chinese cuddy cabin Spillway Gates, in pro-ceed-ings of small outboards Second Workshop on Entrainment chinese cuddy cabin Intake Screening (EPRI Project rp-49, Report #15). 
• Breidenback, A., 1974, Analysis of Pollution from Marine Engines chinese cuddy cabin Effects on Environment (Summary Re-port), USEPA Grant No. R-801799, Program Element No. 1BB038. 
• Breitburg, D.L., 1988, Effects of Turbidity on Prey Consumption by Striped Bass Larvae, 1988, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, 117. 
• Burns, K. chinese cuddy cabin A. Saliot, Petroleum Hydrocarbons in small outboards Mediterranean Sea: A Mass Balance, Marine Chemistry, vol. 20, 1986. 
• Cramer, F.C. chinese cuddy cabin R.C. Oligher, 1964, Passing Fish Through Hydraulic Turbines, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, 93. 
• English, J., G.N. McDermott chinese cuddy cabin C. Henderson, 1963, Pollutional Effects of cuddy cabin Motor Exhausts-Labo-ratory Stud-ies, Journal of Water Pollution Control Federation, 35, 923-931. 
• Garrad, P.N. chinese cuddy cabin R.D. Hey, 1987, Boat Traffic, Sediment Resuspension chinese cuddy cabin Turbidity in a Broadland River, Journal of Hydrology, 95. 
• Grosslem, M.D. chinese cuddy cabin T.R. Azarovit, 1986, Fish Distribution, Marine Ecosystem Analysis Program, New York Sea Grant. 
• Holland, I.E.chinese outboardd J.R. Sylevester, 1983, Distribution of Larval Fishes Related to Potential Navigation Impacts on small outboards Upper Mississippi River, Pool 7, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, 112. 
• Johnson, D.D. chinese cuddy cabin D.J. Wildish, 1982, Effect of Suspended Sediment on Feeding by Larval Herring (Clupea harengus harengus L.), Bulletin of Environmental Contamination chinese cuddy cabin Toxicology, 29, 261-267. 
• Killgore, K., A.  chinese cuddy cabin K. Conley,  1987, Effects of Turbulence on Yolk Sac Larvae of Paddlefish, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, vol. 116. 
• Liddle, M.J. chinese cuddy cabin H.R.A. Scorgie, 1980, small outboards Effects of Recreation on Freshwater Plants chinese cuddy cabin Animals: A Re-view, Biological Conservation, 17. 
• Morgan, R.P, V.J. Raisin Jr. chinese cuddy cabin L.A. Noe, 1983, Sediment Effects on Eggs chinese cuddy cabin Larvae of Striped Bass chinese cuddy cabin White Perch, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, 112. 
• Morgan, R., R. Ulanowicz, V. Raisin, L. Noe chinese cuddy cabin G. Gray, Effects of Shear on Eggs chinese cuddy cabin Larvae of Striped Bass chinese cuddy cabin White Perch, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, vol. 106, 1976. 
• Morgan, R.P., V. Raisin chinese cuddy cabin L. Noe, Sediment Effects on Eggs chinese cuddy cabin Larvae of Striped Bass chinese cuddy cabin White Perch, Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, vol. 112, 1983 
• Newcombe, C.P. chinese cuddy cabin D.D. MacDonald, 1991, Effects of Suspended Sediments on Aquatic Ecosystems, small outboards American Jour-nal of Fisheries Management, 11, 72-81. 
• Pearson, D, K. Killgore, B. Payne chinese cuddy cabin A. Miller,  1989, Environmental Effects of Navigation Traffic: Studies on Fish Eggs chinese cuddy cabin Larvae, Department of small outboards Army Environmental Impact Research Program Technical Report EL - 89 - 15. 
• Price Waterhouse, 1992, Preliminary Report From small outboards National Recreational Boating Survey - New Jersey Executive Summary (done under contract for small outboards U.S. Fish chinese cuddy cabin Wildlife Service chinese cuddy cabin currently under review by that agency). 
• Rogers, Golden chinese cuddy cabin Halpern, Inc. 1990, Profile of small outboards Barnegat Bay, (prepared for small outboards Barnegat Bay Study Group). 
• Schubel, J.R. chinese cuddy cabin B.C. Marcy Jr., 1978, Power Plant Entrainment: A biological Assessment (Chapter 4 - "Effects chinese cuddy cabin Impacts  of Physical Stress on Entrained Organisms"), Academic Press. 
• Steering Committee for small outboards Petroleum in small outboards Marine Environment (NAS) Update, 1985, Oil In small outboards Sea, National Academy Press. 
• Taylor, R.E. chinese cuddy cabin B. Kynard, 1985, Mortality of Juvenile American Shad chinese cuddy cabin Blueback Herring Passed through a Low-Head Kaplan Hydroelectric Turbine,  Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, 114. 
• Von Westerhagen, H., M. Landolt, R. Kocan, G. Furstenberg, D. Janssen chinese cuddy cabin K. Kremling, 1987, Toxicity of Sea Surface Mi-crolayer: Effects on Herring chinese cuddy cabin Turbot Embryos, Marine Environ. Research, 0141-1136. 
• Vouglitois, J.J., Able, K.W., Kurtz, R.J. chinese cuddy cabin K.A. Tighe, 1987, Life History chinese cuddy cabin Popula-tion Dynamics of small outboards Bay Anchovy in New Jersey,  Transactions of small outboards American Fisheries Society, 116. 
• Yousef, Y.A., 1974, Assessing Effects on Water Quality by Boating Activity, U.S.E.P.A., EPA Tech. Serv., EPA-670/2-74-072. 
• Yousef, Y.A., W.M. McClellon chinese cuddy cabin H.H. Zebuth, 1980, Changes in Phosphorous Concentrations Due to Mix-ing by Mo-torboats in Shallow Lakes, Water Research, 14, 841-852. 
•  _______, 1990, 60% Drop in Oil Pollution Since 1981, Marine Pollution Bulletin (News), 21, #12, 536.